This study guide is an outline of the material that we have covered in class. . You can use it to organize and guide your studying. Remember for the tests utilize the book and the class notes for studying. The Visual System – Chapter 9 • Describe how transduction works in the visual system • • What are the sensory receptors in the visual system o How do they convert wavelengths of light to neural impulses o Where are they located in the eye o What are the different types? And what are their different roles? • Describe the fovea. What aspects of vision is it important for? • What is meant by a “receptive field” o What might a receptive field look like to a visual sensory receptor in the eye? o Describe how the receptive field becomes more complex as we progress through the visual system from the eyes to the cerebral cortex • Describe the nature of the crossing of visual information from the eye to the brain • Identify and describe the major brain regions that make up the visual system that we discussed? o Lateral Geniculate Nucleus o Striate Cortex/V1 — retinopic organization, orientation selectivity o Dorsal Stream regions –the “how” pathway o Ventral stream regions –the “what” pathway • Describe Hubel & Wiesel’s experiment that won them the Nobel prize. • Describe Visual Agnosia.What is normal about vision and abnormal in this condition? What area(s) of the brain tend to be damaged in this condition? • Describe Optic Ataxia.What is normal about vision and abnormal in this condition? What area(s) of the brain tend to be damaged in this condition?   Hearing, Language and Music –Chapter 10 • The soundwave is the medium of audition. Describe the important physical properties of a soundwave that are important for audition. • Describe the physical properties that are important for language and music • What are some of the ways Language and Music are treated as special by our auditory perceptual system? • Describe the structure of the parts of the ear and explain each part’s role in audition o The outer ear o The middle ear o The inner ear • Describe transduction in the auditory system. o What is the organ within the inner ear most responsible for transduction o How does this organ work  Oval window  Functions of hair cells  Basilar membrane  Tonotopic representation • Primary Auditory Cortex (A1) o Tonotopic representation • Lateralization within the Auditory system • Language Processing: what are the major brain regions that are important for music that we discussed. What are their roles? What is the evidence? o Broca’s vs. Wernicke’s area o Broca’s vs. Wernicke’s aphasia • Music Processing: how does music processing differ from that of language processing in the brain? • Describe Amusia. What does this condition suggest about the way music perception is implemented in the brain? Movement –Chapter 11 • Motor neurons innervate muscle fibers. o What does this mean? o For a body part to move or articulate in a very precise manner, what has to be true about the ratio of muscle fibers to neurons? • Describe what is meant by the hierarchy of movement. o How is movement hierarchical? o Give an example. o How does this hierarchy map on the way the different parts of the nervous system helps to carry out movement? • Describe the anatomy of the motor system from the bottom up o What is the role of the spinal cord in our automatic reflexes? Its role in voluntary movement o Forebrain’s role in voluntary movement o Brainstem? o Motor Cortex? o Somatosensory cortex? o Premotor Cortex? o Prefrontal Cortex? o Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum? • Describe the organization of the motor cortex and somatosensory cortex? o The topographic organization of the body on the brain • Parkinson’s Disease o Symptoms o Causes o What area of the brain is affected? o What does the nature of Parkinson’s tell us about the role of the subtantianigra/dopamine plays in movement?   Motivated Behavior and Emotion –Chapter 12 • What are examples of regulatory behaviors and non-regulatory behaviors? • What is the role of the hypothalamus in motivated behavior? How does its function relate to that of the pituitary gland • Describe the James-Lange Theory of Emotion and evidence in favor of this theory • What is the role of the amygdala in emotional expression • Describe Kluver-Bucy syndrome • Describe patient S.M. • What is the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in emotional/value-based decision making? • What happens to an individual if they have damage to the orbitofrontal cortex?